- 1
Margaret A. Boden, Artificial Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), 1. For a similar definition: Michael Wooldridge, A Brief history of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going (New York: Flatiron Books, 2020)
- 2
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Second Edition (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc., 2003).
- 3
Nestor Maslei, Loredana Fattorini, Raymond Perrault, Vanessa Parli, Anka Reuel, Erik Brynjolfsson, John Etchemendy, Katrina Ligett, Terah Lyons, James Manyika, Juan Carlos Niebles, Yoav Shoham, Russell Wald, and Jack Clark, “The AI Index 2024 Annual Report,” AI Index Steering Committee, Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, April 2024, 5.
- 4
Boden, “Artificial Intelligence,” 18. 10. Lucy Suchman, “The Uncontroversial ‘Thingness’ of AI,” Big Data & Society, July-December, 2023: 1-5.
- 5
Leo Marx, “‘Technology’: The Emergence of a Hazardous Concept,” Social Research 64, no. 3 (Fall 1997): 965-88.
- 6
Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974).
- 7
Moritz Altenried, The Digital Factory: The Human Labor of Automation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022), 7. His use of the concept “digital Taylorism” is quite useful. See also: Alexandra J. Ravenelle, Hustle and Gig: Struggling and Surviving in the Sharing Economy (Oakland: University of California Press, 2019).
- 8
“The AI Index 2024 Annual Report,” 272-3.
- 9
Mary L. Gray and Siddharth Suri, Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019); Antonio A. Casilli, “Waiting for Robots: The Ever-Elusive Myth of Automation and the Global Exploitation of Digital Labor,” Sociologias, vol. 23, no. 57 (May-August, 2021), 112-33.
- 10
Sean Callahan, “DuPont Replaces 1935 Tagline to Reflect Corporate Change,” Ad Age, June 1, 1999. For the use of the word “revolutionary” by DuPont: The Atlanta Constitution, August 8, 1936, 21C.
- 11
Jason Resnikoff, Labor’s End: How the Promise of Automation Degraded Work (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2021).
- 12
Resnikoff, Labor’s End, 22.
- 13
Daniel Bell, Work and Its Discontents: The Cult of Efficiency in America (Boston: Beacon, 1956), 49-53.
- 14
ylvia B. Gottlieb to J. A. Beirne, Subject: Automation Sub-Committee—AFL-CIO Economic Policy Committee, January 16, 1957, folder 8, box 100, Communications Workers of America Records, Wag. 124, Tamiment Library, New York University.