• 1عند إضافة طرف جديد إلى قائمة الكيانات، يجب على مَن يسعى لتصدير أو إعادة تصدير أو نقل مواد خاضعة لاختصاص وزارة التجارة إلى طرف مدرج في القائمة أن يطلب أولاً ترخيصاً للقيام بذلك من وزارة التجارة. وكما هو الحال مع طلبات التراخيص الأخرى، تراجع وزارات التجارة والخارجية والدفاع والطاقة هذه الطلبات. تكون طلبات الترخيص لمعظم الكيانات المدرجة في قائمة الكيانات خاضعة للرفض، بغض النظر عن حساسية المادة المراد تصديرها.
  • 2Brown, Clair, and Greg Linden. 2011. Chips and Change : How Crisis Reshapes the Semiconductor Industry. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
  • 3تصنيع أشباه الموصلات يسمى تصنيعاً [5] (fabrication) في المصانع التي تُعرف بفابس (fabs)، والتي تتطلب بدورها معدات عالية التخصص وباهظة الثمن.
  • 4Brown and Linden.
  • 5كِلا العمليتين، سواء manufacturing أو fabrication، نترجمها إلى تصنيع. بحسب أحد المصادر، فإنّ العملية الأولى أشمل من الثانية وتتضمّن تصنيع أشباه الموصلات من الألف إلى الياء، أما الثانية فتنطلق من مرحلة الرقيقات البلورية أو من مرحلة تبدأ بمدخلات مُصنّعة. (المترجم)
  • 6Rodrik, Dani. “After Neoliberalism, What” In New Rules for Global Finance Coalition. 2002. https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/after-neoliberalism-what.pdf; Rodrik, Dani, “Goodbye Washington Consensus, Hello Washington Confusion? A Review of the World Bank’s Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform.” Journal of Economic Literature 44 (2006): 973–87.
  • 7Aiginger, Karl, and Dani Rodrik. “Rebirth of Industrial Policy and an Agenda for the Twenty-First Century.” Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 20, no. 2 (2020): 189–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-019-00322-3; Bresser-Perreira, Luiz Carlos. “O Novo Desenvolvimentismo e a Ortodoxia Convencional.” São Paulo Em Perspectiva 20, no. 3 (2006): 5–24; Nem Singh, Jewellord T. 2019. “Natural Resources.” In Handbook of Contemporary International Political Economy, edited by Timothy Shaw, Laura Mahrenbach, Craig Murphy, Renu Modi, and Xu Yi-Chong, 539–57. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
  • 8Eaton, Sarah. The Advance of the State in Contemporary China: State-Market Relations in the Reform Era. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
  • 9Hogan, William T. SJ. The POSCO Strategy: A Blueprint for World Steel’s Future. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2001; Kim, Hyung-Kook. Between State and Market: Industrial Adjustment Strategy in Korea. Seoul: Beebong Publishing, 1993.
  • 10Massi, Eliza. “The Political Economy of Development Finance: The BNDES and Brazilian Industrialisation.” PhD Dissertation, London: School for Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 2014; Massi, Eliza, and Jewellord T. Nem Singh. “Industrial Policy and State-Making: Brazil’s Attempt at Oil-Based Industrial Development.” Third World Quarterly 39 no. 6 (2018): 1133–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1455144.
  • 11Massi and Nem Singh; Priest, Tyler. “Petrobras in the History of Offshore Oil.” In New Order and Progress: Development and Democracy in Brazil, edited by Ben Ross Schneider, 53–77. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • 12تشير التشيابول إلى التكتلات أو الشركات العائلية صاحبة الفضل في المعجزة الاقتصادية الكورية. (المترجم)
  • 13Doner, Richard F., Gregory W. Noble, and John Ravenhill. The Political Economy of Automotive Industrialization in East Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021.
  • 14تركز أنشطة المصب على عمليات المعالجة والتكرير والشحن وما إلى ذلك، ويقابلها أنشطة المنبع وهذه تركز على التنقيب والاستخراج. (المترجم)
  • 15Republic of Indonesia. “The National Medium-Term Development Plan for 2020-2024 (Appendix to Presidential Regulation No. 18 of 2020).” Republic of Indonesia, 2020. https://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/e-library/file_upload/koleksi/migrasi-data-publikasi/file/RP_RKP/Narasi-RPJMN-2020-2024-versi-Bahasa-Inggris.pdf.
  • 16Ang, Yuen Yuen. How China Escaped the Poverty Trap. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2016; Chen, Ling, and Buhe Chulu. “Complementary Institutions of Industrial Policy: A Quasi-Market Role of Government Inspired by the Evolutionary China Model.” Third World Quarterly (November 2022): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2022.2142551.
  • 17Levine, Derek Adam. “Made in China 2025.” Journal of Strategic Security 13, no. 3 (2020): 1–16; Malkin, Anton. “The Made in China Challenge to US Structural Power: Industrial Policy, Intellectual Property and Multinational Corporations.” Review of International Political Economy (October 2020): 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1824930; (Levine 2020; Malkin 2020; Wen, Huwei, and Zhao Zhao. “How Does China’s Industrial Policy Affect Firms’ R&D Investment? Evidence from ‘Made in China 2025’.” Applied Economics 53, no. 55 (2021): 6333–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1717429; Yeung, Godfrey. “‘Made in China 2025’: The Development of a New Energy Vehicle Industry in China.” Area Development and Policy 4 no. 1 (2019): 39–59.
  • 18Ang 2016; Qian, Yingyi. How Reform Worked in China: The Transition from Plan to Market. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017.
  • 19Nem Singh, Jewellord T. “Mining Our Way out of the Climate Change Conundrum? The Power of a Social Justice Perspective.” Latin America’s Environmental Policies in Global Perspective. Washington, D.C.: The Wilson Center, 2021; Nem Singh, Jewellord T. . “The New Geographies of Energy Transition: A Developmental Opportunity or Challenge for Latin America?” In Beyond Extractivism: Scenarios and Lessons from Latin America, edited by Henry Veltmeyer and Arturo Ezquero-Cañete, 142–58. London and New York: Routledge, 2022.
  • 20Chen, Zhiting, and Geoffrey C. Chen. “The Changing Political Economy of Central State-Owned Oil Companies in China.” The Pacific Review (October 2019): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1679229.
  • 21Castley, Robert J. “The Korean Electronics Industry: The Japanese Role in Its Growth.” In Korean Businesses: Internal and External Industrialization, edited by Chris Rowley and Johngseok Bae, 29–47. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 1999.
  • 22Hendley, David. Asia-Africa Development Divergence: A Question of Intent. London: Zed Books Ltd, 2015; Slater, Dan. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760891.
  • 23Nem Singh 2019.
  • 24Senior Official, European Commission Directorate for Environment, Roundtable, “The State of Play for Critical Mineral Policies”, Berlin Climate and Security Conference”, Berlin, October 6, 2023.